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Guan (instrument)
The ''guan'' () is a Chinese double reed wind instrument. The northern Chinese version is called ''guanzi'' (管子) or ''bili'' (traditional: 篳篥; simplified: 筚篥) and the Cantonese version is called ''houguan'' (喉管). It is classified as a bamboo instrument in the Ba Yin (ancient Chinese instrument classification) system. Like other instruments in the double-reed family of woodwinds, such as the Chinese ''suona'' or the Western oboe , the ''guan'' has a cylindrical bore, giving its distinctive mellow, yet piercing buzz-like timbre.〔http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/89.4.20〕〔http://www.chinaculture.org/focus/focus/2009mingyue/2009-12/15/content_363006_5.htm〕
==History==
The earliest use of the word ''guan'' can be traced back to Zhou Dynasty records, where it refers to end-blown bamboo flutes such as the ''xiao'' or ''paixiao''. The earliest double-reed instrument appears in the late Zhou Dynasty and is referred as ''hujia'' (胡笳; literally "reed pipe of Hu people") because it had been introduced from the northwestern region of China. During that time, the ''hujia'' was used as the primarily military instrument for signaling, and is depicted in early Chinese poetry as raucous and barbaric.
The ''guan'' was developed after the ''hujia'' in the Tang Dynasty due to the flourishing music and art culture that were influenced by the silk road trade. Like the ''hujia'', it was likely adopted from whom the Chinese generally call the Hu (nomadic) people, and became an important leading instrument in the court and ritual music. At the height of the Tang Dynasty, the ''guan'', alongside many other instruments was introduced to neighboring countries, where the ''guans descendants (called ''piri'' in Korea and ''hichiriki'' in Japan) are still used today.
However, in subsequent dynasties, the ''guan'' fell out of use in court music but became very popular in folk ensembles. It plays an important part in the wind-and-percussion (''chuida'' or ''guchui'') ensembles that play on traditional festivals and celebratory occasions and is still popular in the wind band music of northern China, as well as in some other Chinese regions. In the Beijing opera orchestra, the ''guan'' is used to depict military scenes along with the ''suona'' and other percussion instruments.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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